Proofreading focuses on the final product.

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Before publication or submission, proofreading checks to make sure the final product is error-free and acceptable. It takes into account grammar, punctuation and overall delivery.

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If necessary, I will suggest deeper editing or rewrites.

Typically employed for manuscripts and short stories, developmental editing addresses plot, character development, dialogue, story elements, etc. Aimed at longform articles and papers, content editing focuses on angle formation and continuity of theme, sufficient explanation or proof, etc.

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If developmental editing is outside your budget, I offer manuscript evaluations in the form of an editorial letter.

Copy and line editing focus on style and mechanics.

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Style, voice and quirks vary from author to author. Line editing ensures these nuances remain intact but don't hinder readability. Grammar and punctuation, and AP Style and Chicago Manual of Style, are many writers’ worst enemies, so copy editing does the nitty-gritty fixing for you.

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If necessary, I will suggest the further development of ideas.

Typically done for multiple forms of the written word (e.g., manuscripts, short stories, papers, articles, etc.), this type of editing focuses on order of presentation, cohesiveness, flow, trimming redundancies, etc. Chapter order in a manuscript and the presentation of ideas in a research paper are examples.